THE MUGHALS EMPIRE (16TH TO 17TH CENTURIES)

THE MUGHALS EMPIRE (16TH TO 17TH CENTURIES)

The Mughals created an empire and accomplished what had hitherto seemed possible for only short periods of time. From the latter half of the sixteenth century, they expanded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi, until in the seventeenth century they controlled nearly all of the subcontinent.

• Mughals imposed structures of administration and ideas of governance that outlasted their rule, leaving a political legacy that succeeding rulers of the subcontinent could not ignore.

• Till now the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day from the ramparts of the Red Fort in Delhi,(Fort in Delhi, the).

• Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers.

Mother’s side-descendants of Genghis Khan (died 1227), the Mongol ruler who ruled over parts of China and Central Asia.

• Father’s side--the successors of Timur (died 1404), the ruler of Iran, Iraq, and modern-day Turkey.

• the Mughals did not like to be called Mughal or Mongol were proud of their Timurid ancestry.

• Cannons were an important addition in sixteenth-century warfare. Babur used them effectively in the first battle of Panipat.

• Babur, the first Mughal emperor (1526 –1530), succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494, at age 12.

• He forcefully left his ancestral throne due to the invasion of another Mongol group, the Uzbegs. After years of wandering, he seized Kabul in 1504.

• In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at Panipat and captured Delhi and Agra.

Mughal Traditions of Succession;

• The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture (the throne belongs to believing in the firstborn child).

  Mughal relationship with other rulers :

• The Mughal rulers campaigned constantly against rulers who refused to accept their authority. many other rulers also joined them voluntarily make them powerfull.(like rajputs).

• Many of them married their daughters into Mughal families and received high positions. But many resisted as well.

• The Sisodiya Rajputs of Mewar refused to accept Mughal authority for a long time. Once defeated, but they were honourably treated by the Mughals, given back their lands (watan) and power.

• The careful balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents enabled the Mughals to extend their influence over many kings and chieftains. But it was hard to keep this balance all the time.

  Mansabdars and Jagirdars:

• for expanded empire Mughals recruited diverse bodies of people from the small nucleus of Turkish nobles (Turanis) include Iranians, Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas, and other groups.

• Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as Mansabdars.(mansabdar mean an individual who holds a mansab, meaning a position or rank.)

• its grading system by the Mughals to fix (1) rank, (2) salary and (3) military responsibilities. Rank and salary were determined by zat. The higher the zat, the higher the noble’s position in court and his salary.

• Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called Jagirs, which were somewhat like iqtas.

• But unlike muqtis, most mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs. They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments which was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars themselves served in some other part of the country.

• In Akbar’s reign, these jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were roughly equal to the salary of the mansabdar .

• By Aurangzeb’s reign, this was no longer the case and the actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. There was also a huge increase in the number of mansabdars, which meant a long wait before they received a jagir.

• many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir. Aurangzeb was unable to control these developments in the last years of his reign, and the peasantry therefore suffered tremendously.

• Nobles with a zat of 5,000 were ranked higher than those of 1,000. In Akbar’s reign there were 29 mansabdars with a rank of

  Zabt and Zamindars

• main source of incomefor Mughal rulers was tax on the produce of the peasantry.

• zamindars – by mughal describe all intermediaries, whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains.

• Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mal, carried out a careful survey of crop yields, prices and areas cultivated for a 10-year period, 1570 –1580. On the basis of this data, tax was fixed on each crop in cash. Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was known as zabt. It was prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could survey the land and keep very careful accounts. This was not possible in provinces, such as Gujarat and Bengal.

• The exploitation by Mughal administrators ,zamindars and peasants of the same caste allied in rebelling against Mughal authority. These peasant revolts challenged the stability of the Mughal Empire from the end of the seventeenth century.

  Akbar Nama and Ain-i Akbari

• Akbar ordered one of his close friends and courtiers, Abul Fazl, to write a history of his reign. Abul Fazl wrote a three-volume history of Akbar’s reign, titled Akbar Nama. The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors, and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar’s reign. The third volume is the Ain-i Akbari. It deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army, the revenues and the geography of his empire. It also provides rich details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. At Ain-i Akbari is its rich statistical details of diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

  Nur Jahan’s influence in Jahangir’s court

• Mehrunnisa married the Emperor Jahangir in 1611 and received the title Nur Jahan. She remained extremely loyal and supportive to the monarch. As a mark of honour, Jahangir struck silver coins bearing his own titles on one side and on the other the inscription “struck in the name of the Queen Begum, Nur Jahan”. The adjoining document is an order (farman) of Nur Jahan. The square seal states, “Command of her most Sublime and Elevated Majesty Nur Jahan Padshah Begum”. The round seal states, “by the sun of Shah Jahangir she became as brilliant as the moon; may Nur Jahan Padshah be the lady of the age”.

• Sulh-i kul -------Jahangir, Akbar’s son, described his father’s policy of sulh-i kul in the following words: As in the wide expanse of the divine compassion there is room for all classes and the followers of all creeds, so … in his Imperial dominions, which on all sides were limited only by the sea, there was room for the professors of opposite religions, and for beliefs, good and bad, and the road to intolerance was closed. Sunnis and Shias met in one mosque and Christians and Jews in one church to pray. He consistently followed the principle of “universal peace” (sulh-i kul)

  The Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century and After

• The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic and commercial prosperity.. International travellers called it as fabled land of wealth.But these same visitors were also appalled at the state of poverty that existed side by side with the greatest opulence.

• The inequalities were glaring. Documents from the twentieth year of Shah Jahan’s reign inform us that the highest-ranking mansabdars were only 445 in number out of a total of 8,000. This small number – a mere 5.6 per cent of the total number of mansabdars – received 61.5 per cent of the total estimated revenue of the empire as salaries for themselves and their troopers.

• The Mughal emperors and their mansabdars spent a great deal of their income on salaries and goods. This expenditure benefited the artisans and peasantry who supplied them with goods and produce. But the scale of revenue collection left very little for investment in the hands of the primary producers – the peasant and the artisan. The poorest amongst them lived from hand to mouth and they could hardly consider investing in additional resources – tools and supplies to increase productivity. The wealthier peasantry and artisanal groups, the merchants and bankers profited in this economic world. The enormous wealth and resources commanded by the Mughal elite made them an extremely powerful group of people in the late seventeenth century. As the authority of the Mughal emperor slowly declined, his servants emerged as powerful centres of power in the regions. They constituted new dynasties and held the command of provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh. Although they continued to recognise the Mughal emperor in Delhi as their master, by the eighteenth century the provinces of the empire had consolidated their independent political identities.